Concept from Monday Reading

Concepts from Monday Reading

By Kelly Moran

In Sections 1-4 of Section D in the reading I learned many new terms and concepts. In order to understand a chemical equation you must read it like a book from left to right. Diatomic molecules are elements that are made up of two atoms of the same element. The law of conservation of matter like many scientific laws sums up what has been learned by careful observation of natural like when we conclude something after we have finished a lab based on the results. Study table 1.8 lists all of the diatomic molecules that you should memorize. A balanced chemical equation is when the number of atoms for each element on the reactant side is equal the same amount of atoms per element on the product side. Coefficients indicate the relative number of units of each substance in a chemical equation. An atom inventory is when you list how many atoms each element has in a chemical equation on both the reactant and the product side. 

Monday Homework

Monday Homework Section D 1-4

By Kelly Moran

Question #3 (pg. 121)

3.) a.) 2 Hydrogen Chlorides plus one Magnesium make a product of two hydrogens plus Magnesium Chloride because Magnesium is reactive to Hydrogen chloride therefore making a new substance. 

    b.) In the reactants Hydrogen Chloride is a compound and Magnesium is an element and in the reactants Hydrogen is an element and Magnesium Chloride is a compound.

    c.) 

Questions 1-4 pg. 125- 126 Section D.4

1.) a.) One molecule of methane plus two molecules of oxygen yield to one molecule of carbon dioxide plus 2 molecules of water.

     b.) 

     c.) There is 1 atom of carbon, 4 atoms of hydrogen, and 4 atoms of oxygen on the reactant side while on the product side there is 1 atom of carbon, 4 atoms of hydrogen, and 4 atoms of oxygen.

     d.) It is balanced.

2.) a.) One molecule of hydrogen bromide plus magnesium yield to one molecule of hydrogen plus one formula unit magnesium bromide.

      b.) 

      c.) There is 1 atom of hydrogen, 1 atom of bromide, and 1 atom of magnesium on the reactant side while on the product side there is 2 atoms of hydrogen , 1 atom of magnesium, and 2 atoms of bromide. 

      d.) It is not balanced. 

3.) a.) 4 atoms of Silver plus 4 molecules of hydrogen sulfide plus 1 molecule of oxygen yield 2 formula units of Silver Sulfide plus 4 molecules water. 

     b.) 

     c.) On the reactants side there are 4 atoms of silver plus 8 atoms of Hydrogen plus 2 atoms of sulfur plus 2 atoms of oxygen yield to 4 atoms of silver plus plus 2 atoms of sulfur plus 8 atoms of Hydrogen and 2 atoms of Oxygen. 

     d.) It is balanced. 

4.) a.) One formula unit of Iron Oxide plus 3 molecules of Carbon Dioxide yield 2 atoms of Iron plus 3 molecules of Carbon Dioxide. 

    b.) 

    c.) On the reactants side there are 2 iron atoms, 6 oxygen atoms,  and 3 carbon atoms while on the product side there are 2 iron atoms, 3 carbon atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms. 

     d.) It is balanced. 

1-3 Section Review

1.) 

a.) 

b.)

3.) The Law of conservation of matter like many scientific laws, summarizes what has been learned by careful observation of nature. It is basically the concluding part to all of our labs. 

5.) a.) There is on atom of tin, one atom of hydrogen, and one atom of Fluorine on the reactant side and on the product side there is one atom of tin, two atoms of fluorine, and two atoms of hydrogen.

     b.) On the reactant side, there is on atom of silicon, two atoms of oxygen and one atom of carbon while the product  has one atom of silicon, two atoms of carbon, and one atom of oxygen. 

    c.) There is one atom of aluminum, three atoms of oxygen, six atoms of hydrogen, and one atom of chlorine while on the product side there is one atom of aluminum, three atoms of chlorine, 6 atoms of hydrogen, and 3 atoms of oxygen. 

The Door to Hell: Science Report

The Door to Hell: Science Report

By Kelly Moran 

The Door to Hell is a popular tourist location in Darvaze (meaning "gate) Ahal Province, Turkmenistan. The door to hell is a ginormous hole in ground in the Karakum desert and contains a natural gas fire which has been burning endlessly since it was lit by petrochemical (relating to the refining and processing of petroleum or natural gas) scientists in 1971. The fire never stops because it is fed by the natural gas deposits in the area. The distinct smell of sulfur fills up the area for much distance. In 1971 (over 40 years ago) soviet geologists (someone who studies the solid and liquid parts that make up the earth) were drilling at the site and found a cavern filled with natural gas. The soviets were pleased with this finding and began storing the natural gases they found and were looking for.   Unfortunately the ground below the geologist's drilling rig collapsed (no lives lost) which left a hole of 70 meters. The geologists were afraid that the hole in the ground would release deadly poisonous gases (large quantities of methane gas were released) therefore the team decided to light the inside of the hole on fire to burn of the existing gases because burning is a chemical reaction and new substances are formed when elements are burned (therefore changing the deadly gases into non-deadly gases. The team had hope that the fire would burn out over a couple of days but the gas is still burning to this very day! The flames give off a gold glow that can be seen from many miles away in the town of Darvaze with a population of only 350 people! In April of 2010 the hole was asked to be closed down because of danger by president Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow who had visited it. This has not yet happened. The site is 260 kilometers north of Ashgabat, the capital of Turkmenistan. The Karkum desert lies east of the Caspian sea. The area has significant oil and natural gas deposits. The siting is commonly referred to as "The Door to Hell" by villagers because that indeed is what it looks like! 

Bibliography: 

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2179622/The-Door-Hell-Giant-hole-Karakum-Desert-40-YEARS.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door_to_Hell

Concepts from Tuesday Night Reading

Concepts from Reading

In section C.10- C.15 of the reading, I learned about mining and refining, reduction and oxidation, Redox processes, and the life cycle of a material. When an ore is refined it means an element need is taken out of the ore. In metallurgy, refining means to use various methods to take the element out of its ore. When a reactant can be considered to gain one or more electrons is called a reduction. When a reactant looses one or more electrons it is called oxidation. When oxidation and reduction occur together it is called a redox reaction or an oxidation-reduction reaction. A reactant that provides electrons is known as a reducing agent. A reactant involved in removing electrons from the oxidized reactant is called the oxidizing agent. Electrometallurgy (electric current use), Pyrometallurgy (heat use), and Hydrometallurgy (water solution) are all different ways of getting metallic elements of there ore. Dot structure is when each dot represents one of the elements in a redox reaction. Cathode is where  reduction takes place. Anode is the ultimate source of electrons in an electrochemical process. A material's life cycle goes through the process of raw materials, synthesis and processing, engineered materials, product design, applications and agriculture, and then goes to waste or recycle and restarts to whole process over again. These are the main concepts from Tuesday night's reading. 

Tuesday Homework Questions

Homework Questions 29-30 pg.113-114

By Kelly Moran

21.) a.) 

             i.) 68% (207.2/303.2= .68)

             ii.) 10% (5/10= 10) 

             iii.) 6.8 % (3.4/50) 

      

       b.) 

22.) While two thirds of the atoms are oxygen atoms the percent of oxygen by mass is not 67% because oxygen and carbon have different atomic masses. 

23.) Oxidation is when an ion or other reactant lose one more electrons. Reduction is the opposite and is when a reactant gains one or more electrons. 

24.) a.) (Au3+) + 3e- = Au 

       b.) V= (V4+) + 4e- 

       c.) Cu+= Cu - 1e 

25.) a.) Reduction

       b.) Oxidation

       c.) Reduction

26.) a.) Zinc was oxidized because it became 2 positive in its sum. 

       b.) Nickel gained 2 electrons because it went from positive 2 to nothing.

       c.)  The reducing agent is zinc in this reaction.

27.) a.) 2 K has been oxidized because it changes into 2 K plus therefore it lost 2 electrons 

       b.) Hg 2 plus has been reduced because it changes in Hg meaning it gained 2 electrons.

       c.) Hg is the oxidizing agent because it gained two electrons. 

28.) a.) Al + Cr3= Al3 + Cr

       b.) (Mn2+) +  Mg= Mn + Mg2 

29.) a.) Electrometallurgy is a process using electric currents to supply electrons to metal ions thus reducing them.

       b.) Pyrometallurgy involves treating metals with thermal energy (heat) and adding carbon to add electrons. 

       c.) Hydrometallurgy is a process that involves treating ores and other metal-containing materials with reactants in water solution and thus gets the metal out of the ore. 

30.) a.) Hydrometallurgy 

       b.) Hydrometallurgy 

   

        

Concepts from Monday Reading

Monday Reading Concepts

By Kelly Moran

The main concepts of monday reading were about introducing the concept of mole in chemistry. Mole is a devised counting unit that is important in calculating the metal content of ores and solving similar problems. The mole is thought of as a chemist's dozen. To find the molar mass of a substance you can just look at the atomic masses of each element on the periodic table. Molar mass can be used to count particles by simply measuring the mass of each material. Mole is = 6.02 * 10 to the 23rd. Once ores are mined from the lithosphere, they must refined (perfected/take all the impurities out of the ore). Refining refers to the removal of impurities from a desired material. When a reactant gains one or more electron it is called a reduction. Any reactant that appears to lose one or more electrons is said to be oxidized. Oxidation and reduction occur together in what chemists call oxidation-reduction reactions (a.k.a redox reactions). A reaction that provides electrons is known as a reducing agent. These were all the main concepts and terms from the reading. 

Lab Report B.12 Metals

Lab Report B.12 Metals 

By Kelly Moran, Izzy Berrent, Sasha Elie

Data Table

Abstract: In this Lab, we took samples of different metals including Copper, Magnesium, and Zinc. With these metals we observed there appearance before. Copper without any solutions had luster. Magnesium with solution was dull and looked corroded. Zinc had luster without any solutions. We then tested each of the different metals with different solutions including copper nitrate, magnesium nitrate, silver nitrate, and zinc nitrate. With both magnesium nitrate and zinc nitrate none of the metals reacted. But with Copper nitrate magnesium and zinc reacted. Magnesium became dark and overtime grew green mold and changed the liquid to green. Zinc got dark stains after being exposed to copper nitrate. With silver nitrate all of the metals reacted. Zinc turned black, moldy, and fuzzy. Magnesium turned black and started flacking. Copper overtime turned darker and formed black mold. We can conclude that silver nitrate affected all of them since none of the metals were silver elements. 

Questions

1.) Magnesium reacted with most solutions.

2.) Copper and Zinc reacted with the least amount of solutions.

3.) Silver metal I don't think would react with silver nitrate since it is it's own substance. I think it would most probably react with copper nitrate since both zinc and magnesium reacted dramatically to it. 

4.) Magnesium, Zinc, and Copper.

5.) a.) the outside of a penny is made with copper instead of zinc because it is less reactive 

     b.) Silver would be a better metal to use for the outside of a penny because it is very nonreactive

     c.) because it is more expensive than copper

6.) a.) We would say that copper would in a free uncombined state in nature because it is very non reactive especially in this lab.

     b.) Zinc is very reactive to all solutions so we would assume that it would be in a combined state in nature.

7.) a.) No because each solution is important in determining the patter of different metallic elements and their chemical and physical properties therefore eliminating a solution would change the data table. 

     b.) Magnesium Nitrate and Zinc nitrate had no reactions with the metals therefore they possibly could be eliminated but we still think that it is important to know that all the metals were non reactive to those solutions.