Global Cooling Science Report

Global Cooling Science Report

By Kelly Moran

Global cooling was a popular conjecture during the 1970's that claimed that soon the world would go through another ice age. The popular myth had little scientific support but gained popularity through slight differing temperatures from the 1940's through the 1970's. The temperature had lowered through this period. Since 1945, temperatures started lowering on Earth even though many scientists believed in future warming  of the earth due to Greenhouse gases. The general public during this time period were not aware that the release of carbon dioxide could cause the Earth to become warmer. The theory of Global cooling came during the 1970's but was immediately opposed by science magazines which  claimed that Greenhouse gases would in fact increase global temperatures and right at this time the trend of downward temperatures changed to increasing temperatures. Currently though, there are many concerns about regional cooling due to the shutdown of thermohaline which is a side effect of global warming. This theory states that once global temperatures get high enough, fresh water will be coming into the North Atlantic and melt glaciers and because of this there will be a shutdown of thermohaline circulation. This could trigger localized cooling in the North Atlantic. Although this theory has been out for a bit, it has been proven to be untrue because even in models where the THC weakens global warming still continues. There is also another theory in which both global warming and global cooling are uncontrollable among humans. For instance like the ice age, there will be stages that the earth goes through from the sun and there is nothing humans can do about those stages. There are certain patterns that the earth goes through with temperatures therefore many scientists think that global cooling and warming are patterns that we cannot control. It is possible that we are going through a global warming stage right now that could possibly be the opposite of the ice age. The coming ice age was supposedly coming in the 70's but now it seems that a heat age is coming. Of course another theory (the most popular theory) with global warming is that greenhouse gases are released from automobiles, people, and other burnings of natural gases which all together create more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which makes temperatures on the earth rise. Thank you! 

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_cooling

              http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulation

               https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20140722093941AAZls7K

Wednesday Night Homework

Wednesday Night Homework

By Kelly Moran

pg. 412 

9.) 

10.) This liquid should be classified as a solution because if no particles sank to the bottom then the molecules are mixed together which is what a solution is and also with a solution a light shines right through it unlike a colloid and in the example given the light shines through the substance revealing it is a solution. 

13.) a.) 2.11%

        b.) 0.009% 

14.) 1.) Oceans

       2.) Glaciers 

       3.) Water Vapor

       4.) Rivers

15.) Water is a renewable resource because water goes through a cycle. It is evaporated from the ocean and then fills up the clouds in the sky. Once clouds are completely full of water vapor, it rains and the water rolls down back into the ocean where the whole cycle repeats itself over again. We cannot gain or loose water because it just goes in this cycle which is why it's considered a renewable resource. 

16.) It possible that a molecule of water you drank was once swallowed by a dinosaur because water is a renewable resource and goes through a cycle. We cannot gain or loose water but simply recycle it. Water is basically always recycled which means the water you drink possible could have been drunk by a dinosaur millions of years ago. 

pg. 495

1.) To purify water means to separate water from it's bacteria or any other contamination that's not H2O. 

2.) Three techniques for purifying water include boiling, distillation, and disinfecting by using chlorine solution. 

3.) Bacteria, minerals, and any other non H2O molecules.  

4.) a.) There is way too much salt in seawater for it to be completely purified and used for drinking water.

     b.) To make seawater suitable for drinking it would need to be boiled. 

5.) 

6.) No water has been gained or lost over the millions of years on the earth. Water is a renewable resource on the earth that goes through a cycle. 

7.) A situation where this would be true is in Africa. In Africa they have plenty of water but none of the water is clean because they cannot afford factories to purify the water for drinking purposes. 

8.) If water evaporation stopped we would not have anymore water on the earth and the water cycle would completely end. Water would only be in the ocean and few lakes on the earth. 

11.) Aluminum hydroxide creates gels which clump certain molecules together to separate the colloids out of a liquid. 

12.) Calcium oxide is often added in the final steps of municipal water treatment to stop corrosion of the water pipes. 

13.) 1 ppm of Fluoride is added to the treated water because this is because it stops tooth decay. 

18.) Chlorinated drinking water is better than untreated water because you can get many diseases from the bacteria in it. 

19.) Chlorinated water is bad because it creates trihalomethane's which are bad for the human body. 

Tuesday Night Reading Concepts

Tuesday Reading Concepts and Terms

By Kelly Moran

The carbon cycle is the movement of carbon atoms within Earth's ecosystems, from carbon storage as plant and animal matter, through release as carbon dioxide due to cellular respiration, combustion, and decay, to reacquisition by plants, a carbon atom can go through all the different spheres. Global warming is a theory that states that with more people using automobiles and things that release carbon dioxide the earth will heat up and cause disasters to the earth. A limiting reactant limits the amount of hydrocarbon that can be completely burned. Cellular respiration is reverse photosynthesis. The energy released by cellular respiration is used by organisms to power internal energy-consuming processes, including forming other organic molecules. Such organic molecules found in plants and animals are called biomolecules. Energy efficiency refers to the use of smaller quantities of energy to achieve the same effect. These are all the terms I learned from C.6-C.12 and D.1-D.2! 

Tuesday Night Homework

Tuesday Night Homework

By Kelly Moran

1-5 pg. 383

1.) Biomolecules are molecules made by living things such as plants and animals.

2.) a.) Biomass 

     b.) Coal

     c.) Petroleum

3.) Three fuels that contain biomolecules used for energy are wood, bees wax, and ethanol. 

4.) The sun.

5.) Three technological factors that explain this is one the difficulty in finding the petroleum (under the ground), getting it (didn't have the drilling tools to dig it up), and lastly even if they did dig it up they didn't know what to do with it because they didn't have the right materials to refine it. 

17-20 pg. 355

17.) a.) Forest fire, animals

       b.) Oceans, fossil fuels

       c.) burning fuels, reproduction (because more people = more CO2)

18.) A particular carbon atom can be apart of the atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere because we exhale CO2 which brings it into the atmosphere, CO2 dissolves in ocean water which is the hydrosphere, plants take in CO2 which makes it part of the biosphere, and lastly plants when buried  are part of the lithosphere and can have CO2 from what they took in. 

19.) CO2 + 2 H2O ➝ CH4 + 2 O2   (biosphere to lithosphere)

20.) a.) As the temperature goes up, the water evaporates and turns into a greenhouse gas therefore the temperature may go up.

       b.) Water vapor would make clouds which would reflect radiation which make the temperature cooler. 

Monday Reading Concepts

Monday Reading Concepts 

By Kelly Moran

With abundant oxygen gas and combustion, the burning of a hydrocarbon yield to Carbon dioxide, water, and thermal energy. Thermal energy is written as a product of the reaction because energy is released when a hydrocarbon burns. The combustion of a hydrocarbon is a highly exothermic reaction because whenever you burn something a new bond is formed and often contains more energy than the reactant. In order to calculate the amount of thermal energy, you must use the molar heat of combustion.  In a chemical equation the total thermal energy must correspond to the amounts of all other reactants and products involved. Because of this, the total thermal energy released will be twice that quantity released when one mole of ethane burns. Heats of combustion can also be expressed as the energy involved when one gram of hydrocarbon burns. This information is useful in finding out how much energy is released when a certain mass of fuel is burned. These are all the main concepts and terms I learned from section C.5! 

Monday Homework

Monday Homework

By Kelly Moran

pg.354 #10-11

10.) 2H2O + O2 ➝ 2H2O 

11.) a.) C5H12 + 8 O2 ➝ 5 CO2 + 6 H2O

     

     b.) C3H8 +  5 O2 ➝ 3 CO2 +  4  H2O

     c.) C5H12 + 8 O2 ➝ 5 CO2 +   6  H2O

1,4 pg.336 

1.) a.) Pulling apart magnets is similar to breaking chemical bonds because chemical bonds are very strongly held together like a magnet therefore the break apart of them is similar to pulling apart magnets.

     

     b.) Pulling apart magnets requires energy.  

     c.) The energy involved in pulling apart magnets is analogous to the energy involved in breaking apart bonds because both use energy in order to break apart strong holds between two substances.

   

      d.) This is similar to energy involved in making chemical bonds because energy is required to make chemical bonds which are similar to magnets and if you pulled chemical bonds apart they would come back to each other because like magnets energy creates forces that pull them together. 

4.) a.) It is unsafe to say that the chemical reactions that produced the fossil fuels are endothermic because they are actually exothermic because new substances are always created when something is burned and tons of energy goes into making those new substances (the new chemical bonds that are formed). 

      b.) The sun is the origin of the energy required to make fossil fuel molecules. 

Weekend Reading Concepts

Weekend Reading Concepts C.2-C.4

By Kelly Moran

In this past weekend's reading, I learned many new terms and concepts. Potential energy is energy of the position or condition (for example a bolder on top of a hill) and kinetic energy is energy related to the motion. Chemical energy is another form of potential energy and is stored in chemical compounds. The reaction in a chemical reaction releases thermal energy. Thermal energy is the part of total potential energy and kinetic energy of an object and is heat releasing energy. In a chemical reaction, the bond-breaking part is an energy requiring process called an endothermic change. The formation of chemical bonds is an energy releasing process called an exothermic change. The Law of conservation of energy states that energy is neither created nor destroyed in any mechanical, physical, or chemical process. The quantity of thermal energy given off when a certain amount of a substance burns is called heat of combustion. If the amount of substance burned is one mole, the quantity of thermal energy involved is called the molar heat of combustion. These are all the main concepts and terms from last weekend's reading! 

Weekend Homework

Weekend Homework pg.354 1-9 

By Kelly Moran

1.) Petroleum is often considered "buried sunshine" because the energy released by burning petroleum represents energy originally captured from the sunlight by prehistoric plants during photosynthesis therefore petroleum is like "buried sunshine."

2.) a.) Potential energy= A truck filled with explosives

     b.) Kinetic energy= A wheel turning

3.) During a chemical reaction, bonds break and reactant atoms reorganize to form new bonds therefore creating a new substance (for example when fuel is burned).

4.) A molecule of Butane has more potential energy because there are more carbon atoms which create more bonds to break. 

5.) a.) Potential energy

     b.) Potential energy

     c.) Kinetic energy

     d.) Potential energy 

     e.) Kinetic energy

6.) The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy is neither created nor destroyed in any mechanical, physical, or chemical process.

7.) Energy is required to break chemical bonds because the formation of chemical bonds is an exothermic change which is a product of an endothermic change (energy in endothermic) which is the pulling apart of bonds therefore energy is indeed required for the breaking down of chemical bonds.

8.) a.) Exothermic change  

     b.) Endothermic change 

     c.) Exothermic change

9.) Burning a candle is an exothermic reaction because new substances are created (chemical change) when burning a candle therefore the formation of new chemical bonds are created which makes it an exothermic reaction. Lots of energy is stored into the reactants to make new chemical bonds in the product side of the reaction therefore not a lot of energy is left in the product side. 

Lobsters Immortality

Lobsters Immortality

By Kelly Moran

One thing that you may not know is that Lobsters are immortal. They never die. We have never recorded a death from a lobster of natural causes. They have a very large telomerase activity (telomerase activity allows cells to divide virtually forever which is why they can form tumors) which is the enzyme responsible for ensuring the end of our chromosomes do not become depleted (diminish in number of quantity) with each round of DNA synthesis due to the semi-dicontinuous nature of DNA replication. Basically with lobsters their chromosomes never diminish in quantity because they have natural DNA replication. Lobsters will continue to become bigger and bigger and grow the longer they are alive. This is because like a cancerous tumor which also has a high telomerase level, lobsters go through many cell cycles and must evade the Hayflick limit (the number of times a normal human's cells are divided until cell division stops). Lobsters are killed simply for food from humans or other fish in the ocean but if we didn't hunt down lobsters they would live forever. Because of this discovery lobsters have become popular discussion and research among scientists studying possible immortality for humans in the future. Many people think that the longer telomeres will give them a longer life but it is not that easy. Humans stop growing and usually when we have our cells dividing non-stop they are producing cancerous (bad) cells and are not just simply duplicating our good cells or renewing our DNA like lobsters. Lobsters are very special animals. Now whenever you're eating lobster just remember that it could grow larger than you.

Bibliography: https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20120605144629AAfZLvD

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase

Thursday Homework

Thursday Homework pg. 324 1, 3, 4, 5, and 21

By Kelly Moran

1.) A covalent bond is a when two or more valence electrons are shared between two atoms.

3.) This analogy describes the way that shared electrons hold together atoms in a covalent bond because the dogs represent the atoms and the sock represents an electron and they are sharing it by both tugging on it. 

4.) Each dot in a Lewis dot structure represents a single valence electron.

5.) The advantage of using a dash (structural formula) instead of using electron dots to represent a covalent bond is that the dash is easier to write. Dashes also clearly show which atoms are sharing which electrons. 

21.) 

Wednesday Night Reading Concepts

Wednesday Night Reading Concepts 

By Kelly Moran

 In chapter B sections 1-4 I learned many new concepts. Polymers are a category of designed molecules. A polymer refers to a large molecule typically composed of 500 to 20,000 or more repeating units of simpler molecules. These simpler molecules are known as monomers. Organic chemistry is the study of hydrocarbons and their derivatives, including the polymers we learned in section B.1. Carbon atoms are joined to form a backbone called a carbon chain. Similar energy levels in elements are grouped together into shells. Valence electrons are electrons that are associated with an atom and can participate in a formation of a chemical bond. The sharing of two or more valence electrons between two atoms is called a covalent bond. The chemical bond formed between two atoms that share a pair of electrons is called a single covalent bond. Lewis dot structures are a formula in a hydrogen molecule and are represented by dots surrounding each element's symbol which in the representation represent the valence electrons for that atom. Petrochemicals are a category of chemicals that include detergents, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Compounds produced from oil or natural gas are petrochemicals. The two carbon atoms in an ethane molecule share two pairs of electrons. This produces an arrangement of electrons called a double covalent bond. These are all the main concepts from the reading last night!

Wednesday Homework

Wednesday Homework 

By Kelly Moran

#24-26 pg. 294

24.) Octane (CH8H18) has the highest boiling point, Hexane has the 2nd highest, Pentane has the 3rd highest, and Methane has the lowest boiling point. The amount of carbon atoms determines the boiling point. If there are more carbon atoms the boiling point will be higher and if there are less it will have a lower boiling point. 

25.) a.) 

        

       b.) 

       

26.) a.) A long straight chain would have a lower boiling point because the more bonds the more weaker it is therefore the boiling point lowers.

       b.) A long branched chain would have the lower boiling point because the branched chains always have the lower boiling points. 

      c.) A short branched chain would have the lower boiling point because branched chains have lower boiling points than straight chains. 

1-6 pg. 282

1.) a.) The data (hydrocarbons) in table 3.3 are organized in alphabetical order. 

     b.) It's useful in that if its organized in alphabetical order the hydrocarbons are easier to find but it's non-useful in that it's harder to find the lowest boiling point and the highest boiling point and it doesn't show the relationship between the carbon atoms and the boiling point. 

2.) a.) A way that's easiest to organize this data is going from lowest boiling point to highest boiling point. 

    b.) 

    

3.) Butane, Ethane, Methane, Propane 

4.) You can infer that the boiling point is less than 22 degrees celsius. 

5.) Pentane.

6.) You can infer the intermolecular forces among butane molecules are much weaker than those of among decane molecules because the hydrocarbons that are lower in boiling point will always have weaker intermolecular forces and the ones that have a higher boiling points will always be stronger.  

6-8 pg. 286

6.) 

7.) a.) 

            i.) Heptane

            ii.) Nonane 

       b.) Heptane= C7H16

            Nonane= C9H20 

8.) a.) C25H52

     b.) I decided to write the molecular formula because it's easier and takes shorter amount of time to comprehend. 

20-22 pg. 295

20.) They are not isomers of each other because all of the depictions are the same. In order for it to be an isomer all the depictions (straight branch vs branched) must be different but still represent the same molecule. 

21.) 

22.) Ethane

  

Tuesday Night Reading Concepts

Tuesday Night Reading Concepts

By Kelly Moran

In last nights reading, I learned some new concepts and terms. I learned about an extrapolation which is a procedure in which you follow the trend of your best-fit line by extending a dashed line from the best-fit line you drew for the first 10 alkanes. Polar molecules are molecules that exhibit permanent partial charges. Opposite partial charges in neighboring polar molecules attract one another, resulting in intermolecular forces (attraction or repulsing with neighboring particles) between the molecules. A straight-chain alkane is a representation where each carbon atom is only linked to one or two other carbon atoms. Branched-chain alkanes are where one carbon atom can be linked to three or four other carbon atoms. An alkane composed of four or more carbon atoms can either be represented as a straight-chain or a branched-chain. Structural isomers are different representations and models of the same molecule. These are all the main concepts and terms that I learned from last nights reading!

Tuesday Homework Questions

Questions 17-23 on pg. 295

17.) a.) C9H20

       b.) C10H22

       c.) C16H34

       d.) C18H38

18.) a.) 128.106 grams/mole 

       b.) 142.276 grams/mole 

       c.) 226 grams/mole

       d.) 254 grams/mole

19.) a.) (Propane) C3H8= 44 grams/mole 

       b.) (Pentane) C5H12= 72 grams/mole

20.) No because all of the depictions are the same chain in this depiction rather than being different. 

21.) 

22.) Ethane

23.) Whether an unbranched hydrocarbon molecule is represented by a linear chain or as a zigzag chain doesn't matter and both are correct ways of depicting an unbranched hydrocarbon molecule because both depictions show the same amount of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms. 

     

Monday Night Reading Concepts

Monday Night Reading A.4-A.9

By Kelly Moran

In these sections from A.4 through A.7 I learned many new concepts. A carbon footprint is the quantity of greenhouse gases emitted based upon individual activities. The separation of liquid substances according to their differing boiling points is called distillation. Each purified/condensed liquid component is called a distillate. More than two distinct mixtures of liquid are called fractions. Fractional distillation is a process of distillation that produces many mixtures of half distilled liquids. It produces Gases, Gasoline, Light distillates, Intermediate distillates, Heavy distillates, and Residues. Simple distillation is a different process of purifying liquids because it only purifies two liquids and they are completely distilled afterwards unlike fractional distillation which produces many liquids that are not completely distilled afterwards. Molecular formulas specify the number of each atom type within a molecule. There is specific number of hydrocarbons called alkanes. Formulas provide convenient information about how atoms are arranged in molecules. These are called condensed formulas. I also learned the table with members of the Alkane series and memorized and learned how to calculate how many hydrogen atoms you'd get with each carbon atom. You multiply the subscript of carbon by two and add two. These are all the main concepts and terms I learned from last nights reading!

Monday Night Homework

Monday Homework Questions 9-16 pg.294

By Kelly Moran

9.) Density can separate two liquids because if one liquid is more dense than the other, then the less dense liquid will float to the top and the denser liquid will be below it separating them. With a test tube you can get the top liquid and separate it from the bottom liquid. These liquids also must be insoluble to be separated (meaning they don't mix together). 

10.) Acetone and Water would be the easiest to separate by distillation because Acetone has the lowest boiling point of the group and Water has the highest. 

11.) 

12.) 

13.) Simple distillation is the distillation of only two mixtures of crude oil while fractional distillation is  the distillation many more than two and are not completely distilled once finished.

14.) For light distillates there is fuel like gasoline to power cars and in intermediate distillates there is  heavy furnace oil to heat a furnace and in heavy distillates there is lubricating oil for cars and the pipes in cars. 

15.) I would expect the fraction with highest boiling point to be removed from the bottom of the distilled tower because it would most likely have a high density with a high boiling point which is why it would be at the bottom of the distilled tower. 

16.) To further separate the components again all you must do is go through the same process of fractional distillation again. 

Concepts from Weekend Reading

In this weekends reading, I mainly learned about petroleum. Petroleum is an extremely important chemical resource and is found underground and is called crude oil when it's underground. Petroleum cannot be used in it's natural state (crude oil). In order to make oil usable it must be refined. To get oil to be refined it is taken to oil refineries where it will be divided into a simpler mixture. If the oil needs even more refining hydrocarbons are added to mixture which contain hydrogen and carbon. Petroleum is used as a variety of different things. 89 % of petroleum is used as fuel/gasoline for cars, 7 % is used for producing new substances like plastics and medications, and only 4% is used as lubricants and road paving materials. I also learned about fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are the products of geological heat and pressure acting on biomolecules of prehistoric plants and animals. The energy released from burning these fuels represents energy originally captured from sunlight by prehistoric green plants during photosynthesis. Fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, and coal) are thought of as forms of buried sunshine. Fossil fuels originated from living matter in ancient seas some 500 million years ago and when died they became covered with sediments with pressure and heat, and microbes which converted what was then living matter into petroleum. The fossil fuels then became trapped in porous rocks. Because this process takes millions of years, petroleum is considered a nonrenewable resource. 

Chemistry Weekend Homework

Chemistry Weekend Homework

By Kelly Moran

1.) A hydrocarbon is a molecular compound that contain only atoms of hydrogen and carbon and are usually in a mixture with other hydrocarbons to make refined petroleum.

2.) To refine a natural resource means to change a resource from it's natural non-useful form to a useful form (a way in which people can use). Oil to Gasoline would be an example.

3.) Characteristics of petroleum that make it a viable resource are one that is a nonrenewable resource because oil burns and changes and does not stay the same (meaning once we've used it, it's gone and there is a storage of it underground) and secondly petroleum is very important because it makes gasoline for cars and helps our world modernize as a whole. 

4.) This is not likely because petroleum takes millions of years to produce and often gets combined with rocks in the wells. Afterwards, the oil must then be transported and refined to become refined petroleum. 

5.) When saying oil is crude means it is from underground and is in it's rawest form (meaning it hasn't been refined yet).

6.) a.) 11% 

     b.) 89%

     

7.) Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Coal are examples of of fuels obtained from crude petroleum.

8.) a.) Candles, soap, cleaning chemicals, and the gas from under the stove. 

     b.) None of the first three could be substituted but possibly for the stove without gas we'd just use a fire to cook the food. 

LSD: The Science of the drug Acid!

LSD: The Science of the drug Acid

By Kelly Moran 

Hey you guys! Today I will be talking about one of the most interesting drugs which we've all heard of commonly referred to as acid. LSD is a psychedelic drug that has often been referred to as acid, blotter, dots, California sunshine, electric Kool-laid and much more. It was first sold on the street in the early 1960's when times were changing with women's rights, african american rights, and when the hippie era came in which divided America (this came more in the mid 60's). LSD was and still is an easy drug to take and become addicted to because it's colorless, odorless, tasteless, and just taking a little amount (25 micrograms: less than the weight of two salt grams) is enough to get a person high and take in the effects of it. The drug is also easy to hide considering it is often found on tiny squares of absorbent paper. The drug is very difficult to detect since only a little amount if often taken and is metabolized in the body soon after. LSD is usually very cheap. One dose usually ranges from 5 dollars to being for free. LSD was first made in Switzerland in order to make new medicines. Dr. Albert Hoffman was a prominent swiss scientist who had majored in chemistry. Hoffman was mainly interested in the chemistry of plants and animals and created medicines for them. He later joined pharmaceutical chemical department of Sandoz laboratories where he studied medicinal plant squill (a lily-like plant) and the fungus of ergot (type of fungus on a plant) and with this he created a medicine with his team to purify and synthesize active constituents (components of something). After this he went more in depth into lysergic acid (a shared component of ergot alkaloids (naturally occurring nitrogen components)). From his research of this acid he created LSD-25 in 1938 which he didn't realize would later be one of the most influential drugs to ever change America and it's lifestyle. Five years later, Hoffman discovered the effects of LSD through absorbing it through his finger tips. After discovering the massive psychological effects of LSD, Hoffman became interested in psychedelic drugs and traveled to Mexico with his wife to study mushrooms and other psychedelics and what they did to the brain. Hoffman thought LSD was a marvelous drug because it was used very successfully in the study of psychoanalysis (a study of treating mental disorders with giving patients consciousness and unconsciousness or reality and fantasy). Hoffman although thought the drug was useful in these experiments was upset that the youth of the late 60's demonized in into becoming the useless and frowned upon drug that it is thought of today. Acid was supposed to be used as in experiments and not for regular pleasure. LSD makes people hallucinate because it triggers the receptors in your brain the give you the ability to see but they trigger them in a different way making you have static to your brain waves which is why thing comes out fuzzy and bizarrely when on acid. The serotonin in your brain is still creating electric impulses to make you see but it makes you see things in a different way. This is most likely due to a chemical reaction. As surprising as this may sound LSD supposedly is one of the safest drugs you can take in terms of that it's not addictive and cannot kill you directly. The thing that makes LSD unsafe is the trip that comes with it. Like dreams, LSD trips can be great and soothing and other times they can be like terrifying nightmares. LSD is rumored (since being acid) to ruin your brain and create holes. That is not true. LSD is not neurotoxic and cannot create holes in your brain but simply serotonin which is the substance in your brain that filters out reality from fantasy. LSD replaces serotonin while in you and you are no longer able to filter out things normally which is why people commonly loose their sense of reality on LSD trips. Although LSD makes you loose your sense of reality it can also bring back old memories, flashbacks, old emotions, and help you regain a certain memory or a certain incident again. Some LSD trips like dreams can symbolize things that you are going through since your brain is still running but in different way therefore it filters things that you may are not used to. Things that you may have not felt or remembered come back. It can often help people get over trauma, treat mental disorders, or help doctors discover new information about the brain of someone with a psycheatric disorder. LSD though is also known for creating mental disorders and sprouting them and can damage your brain. Although it is a fascinating drug, the effects on your brain are extremely life lasting and can cause you to be traumatized years after still suffering from flashbacks of your trip. Hope you enjoyed! 

Bibliography: http://science.howstuffworks.com/lsd1.htm

https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=1006042509701

https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080427173517AAdnR3P

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Hofmann

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACID

Here is a short video my brother made imitating what it might be like to be on acid! 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NXKqVpOfjOA

Thursday Night Homework

Thursday Homework 13-20

By Kelly Moran

13.) Carbon is the nonmetal component of both steel and stainless steal. 

14.) Ni3Al is a well- defined alloy compound that has a low density, malleability, and is used as a component of jet aircraft engines. 

15.) Sustainability are the practices and processes of present day activities that preserve the ability of future generations to live, thrive, and meet their resource needs on Earth.

16.) a.) Reusing refers to the process of using an old object again as the same thing or changing it so that you can use it in a new affective different way. Recycling refers to the process of breaking an object down into it's rawest form and making it into something totally different.

       b.) One example of reusing is keeping the same plastic bag that you have for lunch everyday and never throwing it away. An example of recycling is throwing a plastic bag into the recycling bin where it can then be turned into a water bottle or something else totally different. 

17.) a.) Four examples of renewable resources include wood, water, fruits and vegetables, and anything that grows on a plant or tree. 

       b.) Nonrenewable resources include oil, coal, natural gases (from gas wells), and solids like gold aluminum, copper, zinc, and much more.

18.) a.) Reusing

       b.) Recycling

       c.) Reusing

19.) The life cycle of a light bulb would be similar to that of a newspaper in that they should both be recycled and are able to be made into different things since light bulbs contain glass and newspaper is wood. They are different though in that many light bulbs like fluorescent tube light bulbs are needed to be recycled in a special way and may be handled differently when recycled since they contain mercury vapor (which is neurotoxin) and are dangerous fumes. Also light bulbs and newspaper are two totally different things (one conducts electricity and shatters  and the other is a natural renewable source that tears). 

20.) Scientific law (Law of Conservation of Matter) is much different from a law that the government issues because those laws from the government are changeable but scientific law is what it is and doesn't change. The law of conservation of matter is unchangeable and is fact. 

        

Concepts from Wednesday Reading D.8- D.10

D.8- D. 10

In tonights reading, I mainly learned about alloys and renewable and nonrenewable resources. Alloys are solid solutions mixed with two or more different metallic elements. Examples include Brass, Bronze, Steel, Pewter, Mercury amalgams, 14 carat gold, and white gold. The Common Alloy Compositions and Uses table in the books lists these examples of alloys and their percent by mass of each element in the alloy. It also list each examples use in the world. Sustainability in chemistry refers to the practices and processes in our present day activities that preserve the ability of future generations to live and meet their resource needs on Earth. Renewable resources are resources that can eventually be regrown or replenished by natural processes. For example, both wood and water are renewable resources because wood grows from trees and if you plant a seed a tree will grow and a tree will regrow usually after being chopped and water is a renewable resource because it has a cycle of evaporation and going into the clouds and then back to the ocean therefore we have an endless amount of water because our water never disappears it just goes in a circle. This is what renewable resources are. They are resources that we can never loose because they are able to replenish themselves or never disappear in the first place. Nonrenewable resources are resources that cannot readily be replenished. For example, the Earth contains an infinite amount of petroleum (oil) but we still cannot replenish it because once we should oil or burn it, it is gone and not the same. Oil changes and cannot replenish itself which is why it is possible for one day the Earth to loose oil if we use all the oil in the Earth which would be a lot. 

Homework Problem #8

Here are my drawing for problem #8 of the homework!

Wednesday Night Homework

Wednesday Night Homework 

By Kelly Moran

Questions 7-12 on pg. 141

7.) a.) 3 

     b.) 2

     c.) 1

 8.) a.) 1 WO3 + 3 H2 = 1 W + 3  H20

      

      b.) 2 PbS + 3 O2= 2 PbO + 2SO2

      c.) 4 Fe + 3 O2 = 2 Fe2O3

9.) a.) 1, 3, 2 3

     b.) 2, 25, 16, 18

10.) a.) Left           Right   The atoms are conserved 

             Na= 2       Na=2

             S=1          Cl= 1

             K= 2        K= 2

             Cl= 1       S=1

             O= 4        O= 4

        

        b.) No he did not because he balanced the equation by changing subscripts which is bad because that changes the identity of the compound. You can only balance a chemical equation with coefficients.

        c.) 1, 2, 2, 1 are the coefficients in this chemical equation to make it balanced.  

11.) An alloy is a solid solution mixed together with two or more different metal elements.

12.) Brass and Steel are two examples. 

   

Blogpost on Tuesday Night Reading

Reading Concepts for D.5-D.7

By Kelly Moran

In last night's reading, I learned a few new concepts. The law of conservation of matter is based on the notion that atoms are indestructible. The reactants in a chemical equation are on the left side of the chemical equation and are what make up the product of the chemical equation. The right side of the chemical equation is called the product and is what comes out from the reactants being combined. In order to balance out a chemical equation you cannot add a subscript but you can only add coefficients. In starting out with balancing chemical equations it is good to start with making an atom inventory. An atom inventory is when you list how many atoms of each element are in the chemical equation. Once you do an atom inventory you can see how many atoms are on the reactant side and how many atoms are on the product side therefore you can see whether the equation is balanced or not. If the equation is not balanced then you will add coefficients to the elements or compounds to make the equation balanced. Many times if the equation is difficult to balance you will have to keep having to add bigger and bigger coefficients until the equation is balanced. When creating models from chemical equations you are asked to represent elements through circles with different colors and patterns to differentiate them. When making models you must make the models symmetrical. For example, if you are to make a model of H2O, you would put the Hydrogen circles on opposite ends of the oxygen circle and have the oxygen in the middle to make it symmetrical. 

Tuesday Night Homework

Sections D.5-D.7 Questions

By Kelly Moran

Questions 1-6 on pg. 131

1.)

2.) 

3.)

4.)

5.) 

6.)

Questions 2, 4, 6 on pg. 140

2.) a.) NaHCO2 + HCl = NaCl + H2O+ CO2

     b.) C6H12O6 + O6 = 6CO2  + 6 H2O

4.) Scientific law is a statement based on repeated experimental observations and always implies that there is a casual relationship involving elements. 

6.) "Using up" and "Throwing away" is incorrect and misleading when considering the law of conservation of matter because no atoms or thrown away they just get changed. Even when you burn wood, it may look like it has disappeared but it has really changed into smoke, gas, or ashes. 

Penny Lab By Izzy, Kelly, and Sasha

Penny Lab

By Kelly Moran, Izzy Berrent, and Sasha Elie 

July 8, 2014

Data Table: 

Appearance of penny before	Appearance of coin after being boiled in Zinc Chloride	Appearance of penny after being heated on hot plate	Predictions	Results
Luster	Turned lighter and less defined	Became splotchy and multicolored with gold, pink, and black	We predicted the penny would not change that much in the Zinc nitrate because copper is not very reactive.	We can conclude from these observations, that copper is somewhat reactive and reacts with zinc nitrate since it changed quite a bit.
Malleable	Got silver splotches/ stains from the zinc	Also became ashy looking and looked burnt	We predicted that the penny heated on the hot plate would become burnt but not change colors since copper is not very chemically reactive.	Same with burning on the hot plate, we can conclude the copper is reactive since it’s color changed drastically from what a penny would look like normally.

Abstract: What we did (in a nutshell) was boil water with granulated Zinc for a couple minutes and then dropped the pennies inside with tongs and then took the pennies out later. We also placed a penny on the hot plate to see it's reaction to that as well. From this lab, we learned that when coins are mixed and boiled with granulated zinc, it changes it's effects and it's color. This is it's reaction. The purpose of this lab was to test how copper reacted to boiled zinc chloride and how it reacted to being burned as well. 

Procedure: We set up three pennies and cleaned them each thoroughly until they were completely clean. We then set aside one of the pennies we had cleaned (which served as the control penny). Then we weighed a sample of granulated zinc which should weigh about 2.0-2.2 grams. Ours weighed 2.14 grams. We then placed it in a 250 mL beaker and used a graduated cylinder to measure 25 ml of 1 M of Zinc Chloride solution. We then added the zinc chloride to the granulated zinc that was in the beaker. Then we covered the beaker and placed it on a hot plate with a watch glass on top. We heated the beaker and waited until it began to bubble inside and then we lowered the temperature to sustain the gentle bubbling. Then we removed the watch glass and removed the two coins and then rinsed them under water and then dried them. We then put one coin on the hot plate at medium heat and turned it every 5 seconds until we saw drastic color changes. Then we rinsed the coin under tap water and recorded our observations. Lastly we compared all the pennies to each other and recorded all the information on our data table.

Results: In our results we found that the penny that was boiled in zinc chloride had reacted to the solution because it had a physical change. The physical change was that it became pinker and less defined. It also got silver stains on the penny as well. We can concluded from this observation that this penny was chemically reactive to zinc chloride and if in it longer may have reacted even more drastically. We also found that the penny that we placed on the hot plate and flipped like bacon back and forth every five seconds became multicolored with splotches of gold, pink, and black. It also turned ashy and looked completely burnt in some areas. We can also conclude from this observation the copper is chemically reactive and physically reactive to heat. 

Questions 1-6

1.) The untreated remained the normal color of a penny. The penny heated in zinc chloride solution and became lighter and less defined. The penny that was heated in zinc chloride solution and then turned over a series of times every five seconds on the hot plate became splotchy and had a gold color to it.

2.) Yes because the pennies chemically reacted to the chemicals therefore they must have been a metal. 

3.) You could test the metal and record how much it reacts. If it doesn't react a lot then it would be a precious metal. 

4.) Some of the copper atoms disappeared. I am not sure where the copper atoms went because the solution (zinc chloride) did not change when we put the pennies in it but the pennies did change. They both turned pinker and lighter and developed stains of silver. It is possible that some of the copper atoms left the penny and went into the zinc chloride solution although the solution did not react to the copper atoms.

5.) Two practical uses for metallic charges include lighting because that involved conducting heat and the copper reacted to heat and another use would be metallic charges in batteries. The copper (plus charge) acts with the zinc (negative charge) in batteries. 

6.) I don't think that the treated pennies could ever go back to normal form. It is possible that with a certain solution the pennies could physically change to look normal again but I don't think everything would be the exact same as it was originally. 

Here are some pictures from our beautiful lab! 

                                         1st: Reg Penny  2nd: Penny       3rd: Penny reaction from heat

                                                                    from Zinc Chloride 

The End!